🌸Chapter 7
Human Health and Diseases
(2 Marks)
1. What is health?
Answer:
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
2. Define disease.
Answer:
A disease is any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the body and
produces specific signs and symptoms.
3. Name two causes of diseases.
Answer:
1.
Pathogens
(bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.)
2.
Lifestyle
factors (poor diet, stress, lack of exercise)
4. What are infectious diseases?
Give one example.
Answer:
Diseases that spread from one person to another are infectious diseases.
Example: Tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
5. What are non-infectious diseases?
Give an example.
Answer:
Diseases that do not spread from person to person.
Example: Cancer or diabetes.
6. What are pathogens? Give two
examples.
Answer:
Disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens.
Examples: Salmonella typhi, Plasmodium vivax
7. What are the causative agents of
typhoid and pneumonia?
Answer:
- Typhoid: Salmonella typhi
- Pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae
or Haemophilus influenzae
8. Mention two symptoms of typhoid.
Answer:
- Sustained high fever
- Abdominal pain and loss of
appetite
9. How is pneumonia transmitted?
Answer:
By inhaling droplets released by an infected person during coughing or
sneezing.
10. Name the vector of malaria and
the parasite causing it.
Answer:
- Vector: Female Anopheles
mosquito
- Parasite: Plasmodium species
(e.g., P. vivax, P. falciparum)
11. Which stage of Plasmodium
infects humans?
Answer:
The sporozoite stage of Plasmodium infects humans.
12. What is the infective stage of Plasmodium
for mosquitoes?
Answer:
The gametocyte stage is infective for mosquitoes.
13. Mention two symptoms of malaria.
Answer:
- Recurring high fever with
chills
- Sweating and shivering
14. What is amoebiasis? Name its causative
organism.
Answer:
Amoebiasis (Amoebic dysentery) is an intestinal infection caused by Entamoeba
histolytica.
15. How is amoebiasis transmitted?
Answer:
Through contaminated food and water containing cysts of Entamoeba
histolytica.
16. What are the causative agents of
ascariasis and filariasis?
Answer:
- Ascariasis: Ascaris lumbricoides
- Filariasis: Wuchereria bancrofti or
W. malayi
17. What are the symptoms of
ascariasis?
Answer:
- Abdominal pain
- Intestinal blockage due to
worms
18. What are the symptoms of
filariasis (elephantiasis)?
Answer:
- Chronic inflammation and
swelling of legs and scrotum.
19. Name two sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs).
Answer:
1.
AIDS
2.
Gonorrhea
20. What causes AIDS?
Answer:
AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
21. Write the full form of AIDS and
HIV.
Answer:
- AIDS: Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome
- HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
22. How is HIV transmitted?
Answer:
- Sexual contact with infected
person
- Transfusion of infected blood
- From infected mother to child
- Use of infected needles
23. Name two cells that HIV attacks
in the human body.
Answer:
1.
Helper
T-lymphocytes (CD4 cells)
2.
Macrophages
24. What are the early symptoms of
AIDS?
Answer:
- Fever, fatigue, weight loss
- Diarrhea and frequent
infections
25. Name two diagnostic tests for
AIDS.
Answer:
1.
ELISA
(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)
2.
Western
Blot Test
26. What is immunity?
Answer:
Immunity is the ability of the body to resist or fight against infection or
disease.
27. Name two types of immunity.
Answer:
1.
Innate
immunity
2.
Acquired
immunity
28. What is innate immunity?
Answer:
Innate immunity is the natural, nonspecific defense present at birth that
provides the first line of defense.
29. Name four barriers of innate
immunity.
Answer:
1.
Physical
(skin, mucosa)
2.
Physiological
(HCl, saliva)
3.
Cellular
(phagocytes)
4.
Cytokine
barriers (interferons)
30. What is acquired immunity?
Answer:
Acquired immunity is pathogen-specific and develops after exposure to an
infection or vaccination.
31. What are the two types of
acquired immunity?
Answer:
1.
Active
immunity
2.
Passive
immunity
32. Differentiate between active and
passive immunity.
Answer:
- Active: Produced by body’s own
antibodies (long-lasting).
- Passive: Ready-made antibodies are
given (temporary protection).
33. Give one example of natural
passive immunity.
Answer:
Transfer of antibodies from mother to baby through placenta or breast milk.
34. What are vaccines?
Answer:
Vaccines are preparations containing weakened or killed pathogens that
stimulate immunity without causing disease.
35. Name two diseases prevented by
vaccination.
Answer:
1.
Polio
2.
Hepatitis
B
36. What is allergy?
Answer:
Allergy is a hypersensitive immune response to harmless substances like pollen,
dust, or food.
37. What is autoimmunity? Give an
example.
Answer:
Autoimmunity is when the body’s immune system attacks its own cells.
Example: Rheumatoid arthritis.
38. What is cancer?
Answer:
Cancer is the uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells that can spread to
other parts of the body.
39. What are oncogenes?
Answer:
Genes that, when activated or mutated, can cause normal cells to become
cancerous.
40. Name two diagnostic methods for
detecting cancer.
Answer:
1.
Biopsy
2.
CT
or MRI scans
41. What is metastasis?
Answer:
The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other body parts through
blood or lymph.
42. Name two causes of cancer.
Answer:
1.
Carcinogens
(chemicals, radiation)
2.
Oncogenic
viruses (e.g., HPV, EBV)
43. What are interferons?
Answer:
Proteins produced by virus-infected cells that protect neighboring cells from
viral infection.
44. What are the main approaches for
cancer treatment?
Answer:
1.
Surgery
2.
Chemotherapy
3.
Radiation
therapy
45. What is drug abuse?
Answer:
Drug abuse refers to the excessive and improper use of drugs for non-medical
purposes.
46. What is addiction?
Answer:
Addiction is the physical and psychological dependence on a drug or substance.
47. Name two commonly abused drugs.
Answer:
1.
Heroin
2.
Cocaine
48. What is the source of heroin?
Answer:
Heroin is obtained from the latex of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
49. What are the effects of alcohol
abuse?
Answer:
- Liver damage (cirrhosis)
- Nervous system impairment and
poor judgment
50. Suggest two ways to prevent drug
and alcohol abuse.
Answer:
1.
Proper
education and counseling
2.
Strong
family and peer support with healthy activities
