👉 BioSmart NEET & CBSE Class 12---syllabus

 

COURSE STRUCTURE 

CLASS XII (2025 - 26) 

(THEORY)

Unit	Chapter	Topics
VI: Reproduction	1. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants	Flower structure;  development of male and female gametophytes; pollination – types, agencies and examples;  outbreeding devices;  pollen-pistil interaction;  double fertilization;  post-fertilization events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modes – apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.
	2. Human Reproduction	Male and female reproductive systems;  microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;  gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis;  menstrual cycle;  fertilization, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation;  pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea);  parturition (elementary idea);  lactation (elementary idea).
	3. Reproductive Health	Reproductive Health-Problems and Strategies Population Explosion and Birth Control Medical Termination of Pregnancy. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Infertility
VII: Genetics and Evolution	4. Principles of Inheritance and Variation	Mendel's laws of Inheritance Inheritance of One Gene Inheritance of Two Genes Sex Determination Mutation Genetic Disorders
	5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance	Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; structure of DNA and RNA;  DNA packaging;  DNA replication;  Central Dogma;  transcription, genetic code, translation;  gene expression and regulation – lac operon;  genome, Human and rice genome projects;  DNA fingerprinting.
	6. Evolution	Origin of life;  biological evolution and evidences (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences);  Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution;  mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection;  gene flow and genetic drift;  Hardy-Weinberg's principle;  adaptive radiation; human evolution.
VIII: Biology and Human Welfare	7. Human Health and Diseases	Pathogens;  parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ringworm) and their control; basic concepts of immunology – vaccines;  cancer, HIV and AIDS; adolescence – drug and alcohol abuse.
	8. Microbes in Human Welfare	Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation;  microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers; antibiotics – production and judicious use.
IX: Biotechnology and Its Applications	9. Biotechnology – Principles and Processes	Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).
	10. Biotechnology and Its Applications	Applications in health and agriculture: human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms – Bt crops;  transgenic animals; biosafety issues, biopiracy and patents.
X: Ecology and Environment	11. Organisms and Populations	Population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism;  population attributes – growth, birth rate, death rate, age distribution.
	12. Ecosystem	Ecosystems: patterns, components;  productivity and decomposition;  energy flow;  pyramids of number, biomass, energy.
	13. Biodiversity and Its Conservation	Biodiversity – concept, patterns, importance;  loss of biodiversity;  biodiversity conservation;  hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, Ramsar sites.