🌸 Chapter 3
Reproductive Health
(3 Marks )
🌿 Chapter 3: Reproductive
Health — 3 Marks Questions and Answers
1. What is reproductive health?
Mention its two major aspects.
Answer:
Reproductive health refers to complete physical, mental, and social well-being
in all matters relating to the reproductive system.
Two major aspects:
1.
Proper
knowledge about reproduction and contraception.
2.
Access
to safe, hygienic reproductive healthcare facilities.
2. Why is there a need for
reproductive health in society?
Answer:
Reproductive health is essential to:
- Prevent sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs).
- Control population growth.
- Ensure healthy reproduction and
maternal health.
- Prevent social evils like
female foeticide and child marriage.
3. What are the measures taken by
the government to improve reproductive health?
Answer:
- Launch of RCH Programme
(Reproductive and Child Health).
- Establishment of family
planning clinics.
- Sex education in schools and colleges.
- Awareness programs through
media and NGOs.
4. What is the importance of sex
education?
Answer:
Sex education helps in:
1.
Spreading
awareness about reproductive health.
2.
Preventing
STDs and unwanted pregnancies.
3.
Promoting
responsible behavior and gender respect.
5. Define “Sexually Transmitted
Diseases” and give two examples.
Answer:
STDs are infections transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person.
Examples: AIDS (caused by HIV) and Syphilis (caused by Treponema
pallidum).
6. List three preventive measures
against STDs.
Answer:
1.
Avoid
multiple sexual partners.
2.
Use
condoms during intercourse.
3.
Maintain
personal hygiene and get regular medical check-ups.
7. Name two bacterial and two viral
STDs.
Answer:
- Bacterial: Gonorrhea, Syphilis
- Viral: AIDS, Genital herpes
8. What are the consequences of
untreated STDs?
Answer:
Untreated STDs can lead to:
- Pelvic inflammatory diseases
(PID)
- Infertility
- Damage to vital organs like the
brain or heart
- Increased risk of cancer
9. What is contraception? Name two
methods of contraception.
Answer:
Contraception refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy.
Methods:
1.
Barrier
methods (e.g., condoms)
2.
Hormonal
methods (e.g., oral pills)
10. What is the difference between
temporary and permanent methods of contraception?
Answer:
- Temporary methods: Prevent conception for a short
period (e.g., condoms, pills).
- Permanent methods: Involve surgical procedures
like vasectomy or tubectomy for lifelong prevention.
11. What are the advantages of
contraceptive pills?
Answer:
- Prevents unwanted pregnancy.
- Regulates menstrual cycle.
- Reduces menstrual pain and risk
of ovarian cysts.
12. Name any three types of
intrauterine devices (IUDs).
Answer:
1.
Copper
releasing (Copper-T, Multiload)
2.
Hormone
releasing (LNG-20)
3.
Non-medicated
(Lippes Loop)
13. How do IUDs work as
contraceptives?
Answer:
IUDs:
- Increase phagocytosis of sperm.
- Release copper ions to suppress
sperm motility.
- Prevent implantation of
fertilized egg.
14. What are natural methods of
contraception?
Answer:
Methods based on avoiding fertilization without using devices or drugs:
1.
Periodic
abstinence
2.
Coitus
interruptus
3.
Lactational
amenorrhea
15. Mention one advantage and one
limitation of natural methods of contraception.
Answer:
- Advantage: No side effects or cost.
- Limitation: Less reliable due to irregular
cycles or miscalculation.
16. What are barrier methods of
contraception? Give examples.
Answer:
Barrier methods physically prevent sperm from reaching the egg.
Examples: Condoms, Diaphragms, Cervical caps.
17. What are hormonal methods of
contraception?
Answer:
Hormonal methods use synthetic hormones (estrogen and progesterone) to:
- Inhibit ovulation.
- Prevent implantation.
Examples: Oral pills, injectable contraceptives.
18. What is a vasectomy?
Answer:
A permanent male sterilization method in which the vas deferens are cut
and sealed to prevent sperm release.
19. What is a tubectomy?
Answer:
A permanent female sterilization method where fallopian tubes are cut
and tied to prevent the egg from meeting sperm.
20. What is Medical Termination of
Pregnancy (MTP)?
Answer:
Intentional termination of pregnancy before full term by medical or surgical
means.
21. Give two reasons for performing
MTP.
Answer:
1.
To
protect the health of the mother.
2.
In
case of unwanted or accidental pregnancy.
22. What are the risks associated
with repeated MTPs?
Answer:
- Damage to the uterus.
- Hormonal imbalance.
- Future infertility and
emotional stress.
23. What is amniocentesis?
Answer:
It is a prenatal diagnostic technique where amniotic fluid is withdrawn to
detect chromosomal or genetic disorders in the fetus.
24. Why is amniocentesis banned in
India?
Answer:
It was misused for sex determination leading to female foeticide,
hence banned under the PCPNDT Act, 1994.
25. Define infertility.
Answer:
Inability of a couple to conceive even after one year of regular unprotected
intercourse.
26. Mention any three causes of
infertility.
Answer:
1.
Low
sperm count in males.
2.
Blocked
fallopian tubes in females.
3.
Hormonal
imbalance or infections.
27. What is assisted reproductive
technology (ART)?
Answer:
It refers to medical techniques that assist infertile couples to conceive, such
as IVF, ZIFT, GIFT, and ICSI.
28. Explain the term IVF.
Answer:
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) involves fertilizing an ovum outside the body in a
lab dish and transferring the embryo into the uterus.
29. What is ZIFT?
Answer:
Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT): Fertilized zygote is transferred into
the fallopian tube for implantation.
30. What is GIFT?
Answer:
Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT): Ovum and sperm are directly placed in
the fallopian tube to facilitate fertilization inside the body.
31. What is ICSI?
Answer:
Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection – a single sperm is directly injected into
the ovum to aid fertilization.
32. What is Artificial Insemination
(AI)?
Answer:
A technique where semen is collected from a donor or husband and introduced
into the female reproductive tract.
33. How can infertility due to
blocked oviducts be treated?
Answer:
By using IVF or ZIFT, where fertilization occurs outside the body and
zygote/embryo is transferred to the uterus.
34. What is surrogacy?
Answer:
A surrogate woman carries and delivers a baby for another couple, usually when
the mother cannot conceive or carry a pregnancy.
35. How does copper in IUDs prevent
pregnancy?
Answer:
Copper ions reduce sperm motility and viability, preventing fertilization.
36. What are emergency
contraceptives?
Answer:
Pills or devices used within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse to prevent
implantation of the zygote.
37. Name any three STDs curable with
antibiotics.
Answer:
1.
Gonorrhea
2.
Syphilis
3.
Chlamydiasis
38. Why are viral STDs difficult to
cure?
Answer:
Because viruses integrate into the host’s DNA and cannot be completely
eliminated by antibiotics.
39. What are the objectives of RCH
Programme?
Answer:
- Maternal and child health.
- Family planning and safe
delivery.
- Awareness about contraception
and STDs.
40. What are the benefits of
maintaining reproductive health?
Answer:
- Healthy society.
- Reduced population growth.
- Lower incidence of STDs and
maternal deaths.
41. What is meant by “Healthy
Reproductive Life”?
Answer:
A state where individuals can reproduce safely and responsibly with proper
knowledge, care, and absence of disease.
42. Explain the role of education in
population control.
Answer:
Educated people are more aware of contraceptives, smaller family norms, and
importance of child spacing — leading to population stabilization.
43. What are the causes of
overpopulation in India?
Answer:
- Early marriage and childbirth.
- Lack of education.
- Poor family planning awareness.
44. Mention three ways to control
population growth.
Answer:
1.
Family
planning campaigns.
2.
Awareness
programs.
3.
Compulsory
sex education and delayed marriage.
45. What is the importance of
prenatal diagnosis?
Answer:
It detects genetic disorders, metabolic abnormalities, and ensures timely
treatment or safe abortion if required.
46. What are the ethical issues
related to ART?
Answer:
- Surrogate exploitation.
- Sale of gametes.
- Designer babies and emotional
issues.
47. What is the role of government
and NGOs in reproductive health?
Answer:
They spread awareness, provide healthcare facilities, organize family welfare
programs, and prevent STDs.
48. How does lactational amenorrhea
work as a contraceptive?
Answer:
During lactation, high prolactin levels suppress ovulation, providing temporary
natural contraception.
49. What are the limitations of
using IUDs?
Answer:
- May cause uterine cramps.
- Increased menstrual bleeding.
- Risk of infection if not
inserted properly.
50. Why is awareness about
reproductive health important for adolescents?
Answer:
It helps prevent early pregnancies, STDs, emotional distress, and encourages
responsible sexual behavior.
🧬 Reproductive Health — 3
Marks Questions (26–50)
26. What are the different types of
birth control methods? Explain briefly.
Answer:
Birth control methods are of four types:
1.
Natural
methods – Based
on avoiding fertilization (e.g., rhythm method).
2.
Barrier
methods –
Condoms, diaphragms prevent sperm entry.
3.
Intrauterine
devices (IUDs)
– Copper-T, Multiload prevent implantation.
4.
Surgical
methods –
Vasectomy (male) and tubectomy (female) block gamete transport.
27. What are the advantages of using
condoms as a contraceptive?
Answer:
- Prevent unwanted pregnancy.
- Protect both partners from sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs) like HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea.
- Easily available, inexpensive,
and have no hormonal side effects.
- Are reversible and
user-controlled.
28. What are hormonal
contraceptives? Give examples.
Answer:
Hormonal contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone that
inhibit ovulation by suppressing FSH and LH.
Examples:
- Oral pills: Mala-D, Saheli.
- Implants: Norplant.
- Injectables: Depo-Provera.
29. What is the role of copper-T as
an intrauterine device?
Answer:
- Copper ions reduce sperm
motility and viability.
- IUDs cause mild uterine
inflammation, making implantation difficult.
- They are long-term, reversible,
and effective birth control devices.
30. Differentiate between vasectomy
and tubectomy.
Answer:
|
Feature |
Vasectomy |
Tubectomy |
|
Performed in |
Males |
Females |
|
Structure cut |
Vas deferens |
Fallopian tube |
|
Purpose |
Prevent sperm release |
Prevent ovum transport |
|
Effect |
Semen without sperm |
Ovum not fertilized |
31. What is amniocentesis? Why is it
banned in India?
Answer:
- Amniocentesis: Technique where amniotic
fluid is withdrawn to detect chromosomal or genetic abnormalities.
- Banned because it was misused for sex
determination leading to female foeticide.
32. What are the causes of
infertility in couples?
Answer:
- Males: Low sperm count, poor
motility, blocked vas deferens, hormonal imbalance.
- Females: Ovulation failure, damaged
fallopian tubes, uterine problems, hormonal imbalance.
- Lifestyle factors: Stress, malnutrition,
infections, smoking, alcohol.
33. What are Assisted Reproductive
Technologies (ART)? Give examples.
Answer:
Techniques that help infertile couples to conceive.
Examples:
- IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)
- ZIFT (Zygote Intra Fallopian
Transfer)
- GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian
Transfer)
- ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm
Injection)
- Artificial Insemination (AI)
34. Explain IVF and ZIFT.
Answer:
- IVF: Ovum and sperm are fertilized
in a lab to form a zygote.
- ZIFT: The formed zygote (up to
8-blastomere stage) is transferred into the fallopian tube for
implantation.
35. Explain GIFT and ICSI.
Answer:
- GIFT: Gametes (sperm and ovum) are
directly placed into the fallopian tube for fertilization inside the body.
- ICSI: A single sperm is injected
directly into the ovum’s cytoplasm; the zygote is then implanted in the
uterus.
36. What are the major Sexually Transmitted
Diseases (STDs)?
Answer:
Bacterial: Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Chlamydiasis.
Viral: AIDS, Hepatitis-B, Genital herpes.
Protozoan: Trichomoniasis.
Fungal: Candidiasis.
37. How can STDs be prevented?
Answer:
- Avoid multiple sexual partners.
- Use condoms during intercourse.
- Maintain personal hygiene.
- Seek early medical help for any
symptoms.
- Awareness and education about
reproductive health.
38. What is AIDS? Mention its
causative agent and transmission.
Answer:
- AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome.
- Causative Agent: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus).
- Transmission: Sexual contact, sharing
needles, transfusion of infected blood, or mother-to-child.
39. What are the symptoms of AIDS?
Answer:
- Severe weight loss.
- Frequent infections (fever,
cough, diarrhea).
- Decrease in immunity (CD4
cells).
- Appearance of opportunistic
infections like tuberculosis or pneumonia.
40. Differentiate between temporary
and permanent contraception methods.
Answer:
|
Type |
Temporary |
Permanent |
|
Duration |
Short-term |
Lifelong |
|
Examples |
Condom, pills, IUDs |
Vasectomy, tubectomy |
|
Reversibility |
Reversible |
Irreversible |
|
Suitability |
Young couples |
Completed family |
41. What is lactational amenorrhea?
Answer:
- Temporary post-delivery
infertility due to high prolactin hormone, which suppresses
ovulation.
- Effective only up to 6 months
after childbirth if mother exclusively breastfeeds.
42. What are the objectives of
Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programme?
Answer:
- Create awareness about
reproductive health.
- Provide facilities for maternal
and child care.
- Control population growth.
- Prevent sexually transmitted
diseases.
- Promote safe motherhood and
healthy child development.
43. Why is population explosion a
concern?
Answer:
- Causes overuse of natural
resources.
- Leads to unemployment, poverty,
and pollution.
- Creates pressure on food,
housing, and healthcare.
- Affects economic growth and
environment.
44. How does education help in
population control?
Answer:
- Promotes awareness about
contraceptive methods.
- Reduces early marriages.
- Empowers women to make
reproductive decisions.
- Increases acceptance of small
family norms.
45. What is the function of a
contraceptive implant?
Answer:
- Small rod-like device placed
under the skin.
- Releases hormones slowly to
prevent ovulation for long periods.
- Example: Norplant
(effective up to 5 years).
46. Explain the role of government
in promoting reproductive health.
Answer:
- Launching awareness programs
(RCH, family welfare schemes).
- Setting up clinics for maternal
and child care.
- Free supply of contraceptives.
- Education on hygiene and STDs
through media and schools.
47. How does copper act in
copper-releasing IUDs?
Answer:
- Copper ions suppress sperm
motility and fertilizing ability.
- Cause local inflammation in the
uterus, preventing implantation.
- Provide long-term, reversible
contraception.
48. Why is MTP necessary in some
cases?
Answer:
- To avoid risk to the mother’s
health.
- In case of unwanted or
accidental pregnancy.
- If fetus shows genetic or
developmental defects.
- If pregnancy results from rape
or contraceptive failure.
49. What are the side effects of
using hormonal pills?
Answer:
- Nausea and headache.
- Weight gain.
- Mood changes.
- May cause irregular menstrual
cycles in some women.
50. What measures can promote
reproductive health in society?
Answer:
- Comprehensive sex education in
schools.
- Awareness programs through
media.
- Access to contraceptives and
health facilities.
- Encouraging delayed marriage
and small families.
- Prevention and early diagnosis
of STDs.
