🌸 Chapter 3
Reproductive Health
(5 Marks )
🧬
Chapter 3: Reproductive Health — 5 Marks Questions with Answers
1. Define reproductive health.
Describe its significance.
Answer:
Reproductive health refers to complete physical, mental, and social
well-being in all matters related to the reproductive system and its functions.
Significance:
1.
Ensures
safe motherhood and healthy children.
2.
Prevents
sexually transmitted diseases.
3.
Enables
individuals to make informed reproductive choices.
4.
Reduces
population growth.
5.
Promotes
family welfare and gender equality.
2. Explain the importance of
reproductive health education among adolescents.
Answer:
1.
Removes
myths and misconceptions about sex.
2.
Helps
understand puberty and hormonal changes.
3.
Promotes
respect for the opposite gender.
4.
Prevents
teenage pregnancies and STDs.
5.
Encourages
responsible behavior and reproductive awareness.
3. What are the major problems
related to reproductive health in India?
Answer:
1.
Lack
of awareness about reproductive health.
2.
Early
marriages and teenage pregnancies.
3.
High
maternal and infant mortality rates.
4.
Spread
of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
5.
Overpopulation
and unsafe abortions.
4. Explain any five measures to
improve reproductive health.
Answer:
1.
Education: Introduce sex education in schools.
2.
Awareness: Use media and campaigns to spread
information.
3.
Medical
Facilities:
Provide maternal and child health services.
4.
Family
Planning: Promote
contraceptives and small family norms.
5.
Government
Programs: Implement
schemes like RCH and Family Welfare Programme.
5. What is RCH? Discuss its
objectives.
Answer:
RCH (Reproductive and Child Health Programme) launched in 1997.
Objectives:
1.
Provide
maternal and child care services.
2.
Create
awareness about reproductive health.
3.
Prevent
STDs and control population growth.
4.
Provide
safe contraceptive and MTP services.
5.
Promote
safe delivery and child immunization.
6. What is population explosion?
What are its causes and consequences?
Answer:
Population Explosion: Rapid increase in human population.
Causes:
- Decrease in death rate.
- High birth rate.
- Lack of education and family
planning.
Consequences: - Resource depletion.
- Unemployment, poverty.
- Pollution and environmental
damage.
- Poor quality of life.
7. Describe the methods of birth
control in humans.
Answer:
1.
Natural
Methods: Rhythm
method, coitus interruptus.
2.
Barrier
Methods: Condoms,
diaphragms, cervical caps.
3.
IUDs: Copper-T, Multiload, Lippes Loop.
4.
Hormonal
Methods: Oral
pills, implants, injectables.
5.
Surgical
Methods: Vasectomy
(males), Tubectomy (females).
8. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives?
Answer:
Advantages:
- High effectiveness.
- Reversible.
- Regulates menstrual cycles.
Disadvantages: - May cause nausea, weight gain,
or mood swings.
- Not protective against STDs.
- Requires regular medical
supervision.
9. Explain the role and mechanism of
intrauterine devices (IUDs).
Answer:
Types:
- Non-medicated (Lippes Loop)
- Copper releasing (Cu-T, Cu-7)
- Hormone releasing (LNG-20)
Mechanism: - Increase phagocytosis of sperm.
- Suppress sperm motility.
- Prevent implantation by
changing uterine lining.
10. What are surgical methods of
contraception? Explain with diagrams.
Answer:
1.
Vasectomy: Vas deferens cut and sealed in
males.
2.
Tubectomy: Fallopian tubes cut and tied in
females.
Both prevent gamete transport and fertilization.
These are permanent and highly effective methods.
11. Describe the process and need
for Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP).
Answer:
Process: Medically induced abortion before 20 weeks.
Need:
1.
To
save mother’s life.
2.
In
case of rape or contraceptive failure.
3.
If
fetus shows genetic abnormalities.
Precaution: Must be done by qualified doctors; misuse for sex
determination is punishable.
12. What is amniocentesis? State its
uses and reason for ban in India.
Answer:
Definition: Withdrawal of amniotic fluid to test fetal chromosomes.
Uses:
- Detect genetic and metabolic
disorders.
- Identify chromosomal
abnormalities.
Ban: Misused for sex determination → female foeticide → banned under PCPNDT Act (1994).
13. Explain various causes of
infertility in humans.
Answer:
Male:
- Low sperm count, poor motility,
blockage in ducts.
Female: - Ovulation failure, blocked
fallopian tubes, uterine defects.
Other causes: - Hormonal imbalance, infections,
stress, lifestyle factors.
14. What are Assisted Reproductive
Technologies (ART)? List and explain types.
Answer:
Definition: Techniques to help infertile couples conceive.
Types:
1.
IVF
(In Vitro Fertilization):
Fusion of sperm and ovum in lab.
2.
ZIFT: Zygote transferred to fallopian
tube.
3.
GIFT: Gametes transferred directly to
fallopian tube.
4.
ICSI: Single sperm injected into ovum.
5.
AI
(Artificial Insemination):
Semen inserted into uterus artificially.
15. Distinguish between IVF, ZIFT,
and GIFT.
Answer:
|
Method |
Process |
Place of Fertilization |
Transferred Form |
|
IVF |
Fertilization outside body |
In vitro |
Zygote |
|
ZIFT |
Zygote transferred |
In vitro |
Zygote |
|
GIFT |
Gametes transferred |
In vivo |
Sperm + Ovum |
16. What are sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs)? Mention their causes and prevention.
Answer:
Causes: Unprotected sex, blood transfusion, sharing needles.
Examples: Gonorrhea, Syphilis, AIDS, Hepatitis-B.
Prevention:
- Use condoms.
- Avoid multiple partners.
- Maintain hygiene.
- Early diagnosis and treatment.
17. Differentiate between bacterial
and viral STDs with examples.
Answer:
|
Type |
Examples |
Treatment |
|
Bacterial |
Gonorrhea, Syphilis |
Curable with antibiotics |
|
Viral |
AIDS, Herpes, Hepatitis-B |
No permanent cure; only control |
18. Describe the causes, symptoms,
and prevention of AIDS.
Answer:
Cause: HIV virus transmitted via blood, sex, or mother-to-child.
Symptoms: Weight loss, frequent infections, reduced immunity.
Prevention:
- Use of condoms.
- Safe blood transfusion.
- Avoid sharing needles.
- HIV testing before marriage.
19. Explain how the government has
promoted reproductive health in India.
Answer:
1.
Launch
of RCH Programme.
2.
Free
contraceptives and family planning awareness.
3.
Maternal
and child health centers.
4.
Sex
education in schools.
5.
Legal
measures against female foeticide and child marriage.
20. Discuss the ethical issues
associated with assisted reproductive technologies.
Answer:
1.
Commercial
surrogacy and exploitation of women.
2.
Ethical
concerns over donor anonymity.
3.
Designer
babies and sex selection risks.
4.
Emotional,
social, and legal complications.
5.
Need
for government regulation.
21. Describe natural methods of
contraception and their limitations.
Answer:
- Periodic abstinence: Avoid sex during fertile
period.
- Coitus interruptus: Withdrawal before ejaculation.
- Lactational amenorrhea: No ovulation during
breastfeeding.
Limitations: - Less reliable, high failure
rate, requires self-control.
22. Explain the hormonal control in
oral contraceptive pills.
Answer:
Contains estrogen and progesterone which:
1.
Inhibit
FSH and LH → prevent ovulation.
2.
Thicken
cervical mucus → block sperm entry.
3.
Alter
uterine lining → prevent implantation.
Example: Mala-D, Saheli
23. Explain how contraception helps
in population control and reproductive health.
Answer:
- Reduces unwanted pregnancies.
- Promotes spacing between
births.
- Reduces maternal and infant
mortality.
- Improves standard of living.
- Ensures responsible parenthood.
24. What is lactational amenorrhea?
How is it an effective contraceptive?
Answer:
- Absence of menstruation during
breastfeeding due to high prolactin.
- Suppresses ovulation
temporarily.
- Effective for 6 months if
mother exclusively breastfeeds and has not resumed menstruation.
25. Describe the process of
artificial insemination (AI) and its uses.
Answer:
- Semen collected from male donor
and injected into female uterus or cervix.
Uses:
1.
For
men with low sperm count.
2.
When
sperm motility is low.
3.
Avoids
hereditary disorders.
4.
Used
in livestock breeding.
26. What are the main steps in IVF
technology?
Answer:
1.
Hormonal
stimulation for multiple ovum maturation.
2.
Collection
of ovum and sperm.
3.
Fertilization
in laboratory (in vitro).
4.
Zygote
development till 8-blastomere stage.
5.
Transfer
into uterus (Embryo Transfer).
27. How does sex education help in
controlling reproductive health issues?
Answer:
- Encourages responsible sexual
behavior.
- Prevents STDs and teenage
pregnancies.
- Develops awareness about
contraception.
- Reduces myths and taboos.
- Promotes gender respect and
equality.
28. What are the main components of
the Reproductive Health Programme?
Answer:
1.
Maternal
and child health services.
2.
Family
planning and contraceptive services.
3.
STD
prevention.
4.
Infertility
treatment.
5.
Health
education and awareness.
29. Explain how government and NGOs
contribute to reproductive health.
Answer:
- Government: RCH, Family Welfare
Programmes, sex education.
- NGOs: Awareness campaigns,
counseling, rural health camps, women empowerment programs.
30. Discuss the role of parents and
teachers in improving adolescent reproductive health.
Answer:
1.
Provide
correct information about puberty.
2.
Encourage
open communication.
3.
Guide
responsible behavior.
4.
Support
emotional development.
5.
Correct
myths about sexuality.
31. Explain the importance of male
involvement in family planning.
Answer:
- Reduces burden on women.
- Promotes use of condoms or
vasectomy.
- Ensures shared responsibility.
- Helps in spreading awareness
and gender equality.
32. How do barrier methods help
prevent STDs?
Answer:
- Physically block contact
between sexual fluids.
- Prevent entry of sperm and
pathogens.
- Provide dual protection
(pregnancy + infection).
Examples: Condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps.
33. How does the government regulate
use of prenatal diagnostic techniques?
Answer:
- PCPNDT Act (1994): Prohibits sex determination
tests.
- Punishable offence to reveal
fetus sex.
- Licensed use only for detecting
genetic disorders.
- Regular inspection of
diagnostic centers.
34. Explain the difference between
fertility and fecundity.
Answer:
|
Term |
Meaning |
|
Fertility |
Actual reproductive performance (number of children born) |
|
Fecundity |
Biological potential to reproduce (ability to have
children) |
35. What are the socio-cultural
barriers to reproductive health in India?
Answer:
1.
Early
marriage.
2.
Preference
for male child.
3.
Religious
taboos.
4.
Gender
inequality.
5.
Lack
of open discussion about sex education.
36. Why are STDs considered
dangerous?
Answer:
- Cause infertility and chronic
pain.
- Transmitted silently
(asymptomatic).
- May lead to cancer or death
(AIDS).
- Affect fetus during pregnancy.
- Create social stigma and mental
trauma.
37. Explain how population
stabilization can be achieved.
Answer:
- Encourage late marriage.
- Promote contraceptive use.
- Compulsory sex education.
- Empower women.
- Government incentives for small
families.
38. Explain the role of hormonal
balance in fertility.
Answer:
- FSH, LH: Regulate gamete production.
- Estrogen, Progesterone: Control menstrual cycle.
- Testosterone: Controls sperm production.
- Imbalance leads to infertility
or irregular ovulation.
39. Describe the procedure of ICSI
and its significance.
Answer:
- A single sperm is injected into
ovum using microneedle.
- Zygote cultured and implanted
into uterus.
Significance: - Helps overcome severe male
infertility or low sperm count.
- Ensures fertilization when
sperm cannot penetrate egg.
40. Explain GIFT and its advantages.
Answer:
- Gametes (sperm + ovum) are
transferred directly into fallopian tube.
Advantages:
1.
Fertilization
occurs naturally.
2.
Useful
when fallopian tubes are functional.
3.
Less
expensive than IVF.
41. How does copper-T act as a contraceptive?
Answer:
- Releases copper ions that
reduce sperm motility.
- Alters uterine wall → prevents
implantation.
- Creates local inflammation
toxic to sperms.
- Long-term reversible method.
42. How can reproductive health
ensure national development?
Answer:
- Decreases population pressure.
- Improves workforce health.
- Reduces healthcare costs.
- Promotes gender equality.
- Enhances family well-being and
economic stability.
43. Explain the ethical aspects of
amniocentesis and prenatal diagnosis.
Answer:
- Helps detect genetic diseases
(ethical use).
- Misused for sex determination
(unethical).
- Leads to female foeticide.
- Strict legal actions under
PCPNDT Act ensure ethical use.
44. What are the benefits of family
planning for individuals and society?
Answer:
- Better health of mother and
child.
- Financial stability.
- Reduced population growth.
- Proper education and nutrition
for children.
- Economic progress of nation.
45. What is infertility? How is it
managed through ART?
Answer:
Infertility: Inability to conceive after one year of unprotected
intercourse.
Managed by:
- IVF, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI,
Artificial Insemination.
- Hormone therapy and surgery if
required.
- Counseling for emotional
support.
46. Describe the steps of in vitro
fertilization and embryo transfer.
Answer:
1.
Induction
of ovulation.
2.
Egg
and sperm collection.
3.
Fertilization
in laboratory dish.
4.
Growth
of zygote up to 8-blastomere stage.
5.
Transfer
into uterus (ET).
47. Discuss the impact of
reproductive health education in rural India.
Answer:
- Reduces superstition and
ignorance.
- Promotes family planning
acceptance.
- Prevents STDs and maternal
deaths.
- Empowers women and improves
hygiene.
- Enhances literacy and
population control.
48. What steps should be taken to
prevent female foeticide?
Answer:
1.
Strict
enforcement of PCPNDT Act.
2.
Awareness
campaigns on gender equality.
3.
Ban
on sex determination tests.
4.
Incentives
for girl child education.
5.
Legal
punishment for offenders.
49. How do contraceptive methods
benefit women’s health?
Answer:
- Prevents frequent pregnancies.
- Reduces risk of maternal
mortality.
- Helps maintain physical and
mental health.
- Allows spacing between
children.
- Promotes women’s empowerment
and education.
50. Explain the relationship between
reproductive health and economic development.
Answer:
- Healthy reproductive population
= healthy workforce.
- Fewer dependents → higher
savings.
- Better family planning →
controlled population growth.
- Decreased healthcare burden.
- Leads to sustainable economic
growth.
1. Define reproductive health.
Explain the major aspects of reproductive health.
Answer:
Reproductive health refers to total well-being in all aspects of reproduction —
physical, emotional, behavioral, and social.
Major aspects:
1.
Awareness
about reproductive organs, adolescence, and safe sexual practices.
2.
Prevention
and management of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
3.
Awareness
about contraception, pregnancy, and childbirth.
4.
Counseling
on infertility and use of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs).
5.
Education
to remove myths and misconceptions about sex and reproduction.
2. Describe the major problems
related to reproductive health in India.
Answer:
1.
Lack
of awareness and education about reproductive health.
2.
Early
marriages and adolescent pregnancies.
3.
High
maternal and infant mortality rates.
4.
Spread
of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
5.
Social
taboos and myths about sex education.
6.
Gender
discrimination and female foeticide.
3. What steps have been taken by the
government to improve reproductive health in India?
Answer:
1.
Family
Planning Programme (1951):
Control population growth.
2.
Reproductive
and Child Health (RCH) Programme (1997): Comprehensive reproductive health services.
3.
Awareness
campaigns: Sex
education in schools and media.
4.
Maternity
benefits: Free
institutional delivery under Janani Suraksha Yojana.
5.
Prevention
of STDs: Free
testing and counseling centers.
6.
Prohibition
of prenatal sex determination: PCPNDT Act.
4. Explain the importance of
introducing sex education in schools.
Answer:
1.
Promotes
awareness about adolescence and reproductive health.
2.
Helps
prevent STDs, HIV/AIDS, and teenage pregnancies.
3.
Removes
myths and misconceptions about sex.
4.
Encourages
responsible sexual behavior.
5.
Builds
a healthy attitude towards opposite genders.
Thus, sex education promotes informed and safe decisions in adulthood.
5. What are sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs)? Give examples, causes, and preventive measures.
Answer:
Definition: Diseases transmitted through sexual contact with infected
persons.
Examples: Gonorrhea, Syphilis, AIDS, Genital warts, Hepatitis-B.
Causes: Bacterial, viral, or protozoan infections.
Prevention:
1.
Avoid
unprotected sex.
2.
Maintain
hygiene.
3.
Use
condoms.
4.
Get
regular medical checkups.
5.
Avoid
sharing needles or razors.
6. Differentiate between temporary
and permanent methods of birth control with examples.
Answer:
|
Temporary Methods |
Permanent Methods |
|
Prevent conception temporarily |
Prevent conception permanently |
|
Examples: Condoms, Pills, IUDs |
Examples: Vasectomy, Tubectomy |
|
Suitable for young couples |
Suitable for those with desired family size |
|
Easily reversible |
Irreversible (surgical) |
7. Explain any five contraceptive
methods and their principles.
Answer:
1.
Barrier
method (Condoms):
Prevent sperm entry.
2.
Intrauterine
device (Copper-T):
Prevents fertilization and implantation.
3.
Oral
pills: Prevent
ovulation by altering hormone levels.
4.
Injectable
hormones: Inhibit
ovulation for months.
5.
Surgical
methods (Vasectomy/Tubectomy): Block gamete transport.
8. Explain how oral contraceptive
pills prevent pregnancy.
Answer:
- Contain synthetic estrogen
and progesterone.
- These hormones inhibit FSH
and LH, preventing ovulation.
- Also thicken cervical mucus,
blocking sperm entry.
- Alter endometrial lining, preventing implantation.
Hence, pregnancy does not occur.
9. What is amniocentesis? Why is it
banned in India?
Answer:
Amniocentesis: A prenatal diagnostic test where amniotic fluid is
collected to detect chromosomal or genetic abnormalities in the fetus.
Banned because:
- Misuse for sex determination
and female foeticide.
- Violates the PCPNDT Act (1994).
Hence, only allowed for legitimate medical reasons.
10. Discuss the role of Intrauterine
Devices (IUDs) in population control.
Answer:
- Inserted in the uterus to
prevent pregnancy.
- Types: Non-medicated (Lippe’s
loop), Copper releasing (CuT, Cu7), Hormone releasing (Progestasert).
Functions:
1.
Increase
phagocytosis of sperms.
2.
Suppress
sperm motility.
3.
Prevent
implantation.
They are long-lasting, reversible, and effective for population control.
11. What is infertility? Describe
its causes and treatments.
Answer:
Definition: Inability of a couple to conceive after one year of
unprotected sex.
Causes:
1.
Hormonal
imbalance.
2.
Blockage
in fallopian tubes or vas deferens.
3.
Low
sperm count.
4.
Genetic
disorders.
5.
Stress
or infections.
Treatment: ARTs like IVF, ZIFT, GIFT, AI (Artificial Insemination).
12. Explain the process and
importance of IVF (In Vitro Fertilization).
Answer:
- Ovum and sperm are collected
and fertilized in a lab.
- The zygote is cultured to an
8-celled stage.
- Embryo is transferred into the
uterus (IUT).
Importance: - Helps infertile couples
conceive.
- Used when natural fertilization
is not possible.
13. Describe ZIFT and GIFT
techniques.
Answer:
ZIFT (Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer):
Zygote (formed in vitro) is transferred into the fallopian tube.
GIFT (Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer):
Gametes (sperm and ova) are directly introduced into the fallopian tube.
Both help infertile couples where natural fertilization is
difficult but fallopian tubes are functional.
14. What is Artificial Insemination
(AI)? When is it used?
Answer:
Definition: Injection of semen from a donor/husband into a woman’s
vagina or uterus.
Used when:
- Male partner has low sperm
count.
- Cervical mucus is hostile to
sperm.
Advantage: Simple, inexpensive, and effective for infertility treatment.
15. What is ICSI? How is it
different from IVF?
Answer:
ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection): A single sperm is directly
injected into the ovum.
Difference:
- In IVF, sperm fertilizes the egg
naturally in a dish.
- In ICSI, fertilization is
forced using micromanipulation.
Used when sperm motility is poor or count is low.
16. Explain the ethical issues
related to Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs).
Answer:
1.
Misuse
of technology for sex selection.
2.
Commercialization
of surrogacy and gamete donation.
3.
Identity
and rights of the child and donor.
4.
Emotional
and psychological stress for parents.
Ethical view: ARTs must be used with consent, transparency, and moral
responsibility.
17. Explain the significance of
medical termination of pregnancy (MTP).
Answer:
- Legal abortion of an unwanted
pregnancy.
Significance:
1.
Prevents
physical or mental harm to the mother.
2.
Used
in cases of rape, contraceptive failure, or fetal abnormality.
3.
Helps
control population growth.
However, MTP beyond 20–24 weeks is allowed only under medical supervision.
18. What are the causes and
consequences of early marriage and teenage pregnancy?
Answer:
Causes:
- Lack of education, poverty,
social pressure.
Consequences:
1.
Health
risks for mother and child.
2.
High
infant and maternal mortality.
3.
Interrupted
education and career.
4.
Psychological
and emotional stress.
5.
Population
burden.
19. Explain the structure and
function of male and female condoms.
Answer:
- Male condom: Thin latex sheath covering
penis; prevents semen entry.
- Female condom: Polyurethane sheath lining
vagina.
Functions:
1.
Prevent
conception.
2.
Protect
from STDs (HIV/AIDS).
3.
Safe,
cheap, and reversible method.
20. Explain how government awareness
campaigns help improve reproductive health.
Answer:
1.
Encourage
family planning and small families.
2.
Promote
institutional deliveries and immunization.
3.
Educate
about contraception and STDs.
4.
Encourage
equality and women empowerment.
5.
Reduce
infant and maternal mortality.
Examples: RCH, Janani Suraksha, and NACO programs.
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🌿 Reproductive Health – 5
Marks Questions (21–50)
21. Describe any five natural
methods of contraception.
Answer:
1. Periodic abstinence: Avoiding intercourse during the fertile period
(10th–17th day of menstrual cycle).
2. Withdrawal (coitus interruptus): Male withdraws penis before
ejaculation.
3. Lactational amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation during lactation
prevents ovulation.
4. Safe period method: Sex during non-fertile days only.
5. Cervical mucus method: Observing changes in cervical mucus
consistency.
Advantages: Natural, no side effects, economical.
Disadvantages: Less reliable.
22. Explain the role of hormonal
contraceptives in females.
Answer:
- Contain synthetic estrogen
and progesterone.
Functions:
1.
Suppress
FSH and LH, thus prevent ovulation.
2.
Thicken
cervical mucus, blocking sperm entry.
3.
Alter
endometrial lining, preventing implantation.
Examples: Mala-D, Saheli, Norplant.
Advantages: Highly effective and reversible.
23. Explain the importance and
implementation of the RCH Programme.
Answer:
RCH (Reproductive and Child Health) Programme launched in 1997 aimed at:
1.
Providing
reproductive health care services.
2.
Reducing
maternal and infant mortality.
3.
Ensuring
safe motherhood and child immunization.
4.
Educating
adolescents about reproductive health.
Implementation:
Through hospitals, health centers, and awareness camps.
It emphasizes holistic reproductive care, not just population control.
24. What are the causes, symptoms,
and prevention of AIDS?
Answer:
Cause: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
Transmission: Unprotected sex, infected needles, blood transfusion,
mother-to-child.
Symptoms:
- Weight loss, prolonged fever,
night sweats, infections.
Prevention:
1.
Use
condoms.
2.
Avoid
needle sharing.
3.
Test
blood before transfusion.
4.
Education
and counseling.
Treatment: No cure; managed with ART (Antiretroviral Therapy).
25. Describe the functions and types
of IUDs.
Answer:
Types of IUDs:
1.
Non-medicated: Lippes Loop.
2.
Copper
releasing: CuT, Cu7,
Multiload 375.
3.
Hormone
releasing:
Progestasert, LNG-20.
Functions:
- Increase phagocytosis of
sperms.
- Suppress sperm motility.
- Prevent implantation.
Advantages: Long-term, reversible, highly effective.
26. Discuss the social, ethical, and
legal issues related to MTP.
Answer:
Social: Controls population, prevents child from rape/incest cases.
Ethical: Debate on when life begins — is abortion moral?
Legal: The MTP Act (1971, amended 2021) allows abortion up to 24 weeks
under medical advice.
Need: To protect women’s health, prevent illegal abortions.
Control: Misuse for sex-selective abortions is punishable under PCPNDT
Act.
27. How do social taboos affect
reproductive health?
Answer:
1.
Prevent
open discussion about sexual issues.
2.
Delay
medical help in STDs or infertility.
3.
Promote
early marriages and unsafe practices.
4.
Spread
myths and misinformation.
5.
Increase
cases of unwanted pregnancy and infections.
Solution: Comprehensive sex education and awareness programs.
28. Explain the process and benefits
of ZIFT (Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer).
Answer:
Process:
- Ovum and sperm fertilized in
vitro.
- Zygote (8-cell stage)
transferred to fallopian tube.
Benefits: - Helps in infertility due to
blocked fallopian tubes.
- Natural implantation occurs in
uterus.
Advantage: High success rate for couples with functional reproductive tracts.
29. What is GIFT? Describe the steps
involved.
Answer:
GIFT (Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer):
Steps:
1.
Ova
collected from female, sperms from male.
2.
Both
are directly placed in the fallopian tube.
3.
Fertilization
occurs naturally inside the body.
Used when:
- Fallopian tubes are functional.
- Sperm motility is low.
Advantage: Natural fertilization, psychological satisfaction.
30. Describe the process and purpose
of amniocentesis.
Answer:
Process:
1.
Needle
inserted into uterus through abdominal wall.
2.
Amniotic
fluid withdrawn (contains fetal cells).
3.
Chromosomal
and biochemical tests performed.
Purpose:
Detect genetic abnormalities (Down’s, Turner’s syndrome).
Banned use: Sex determination (female foeticide).
Law: PCPNDT Act 1994 prohibits misuse.
31. Explain the methods to control
population growth.
Answer:
1.
Education: Awareness of small family benefits.
2.
Contraception: Promoting safe and modern methods.
3.
Incentives: Rewards for sterilization.
4.
Delayed
marriage:
Encourages responsible parenthood.
5.
Women
empowerment:
Literacy and employment reduce fertility rates.
Outcome: Sustainable population and improved health.
32. Describe the effects of
overpopulation on health and development.
Answer:
1.
Shortage
of food, water, housing.
2.
Unemployment
and poverty.
3.
Pressure
on education and healthcare.
4.
Environmental
degradation.
5.
Spread
of diseases due to crowding.
Control: Effective family planning and awareness.
33. Explain the importance of
prenatal diagnosis.
Answer:
1.
Detect
genetic or chromosomal disorders.
2.
Identify
congenital diseases (Down’s, spina bifida).
3.
Helps
in early medical intervention.
4.
Reduces
infant mortality.
Methods: Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS).
Note: Must not be used for sex determination.
34. Explain the difference between
IVF, ZIFT, and GIFT.
Answer:
|
Technique |
Process |
Place of Fertilization |
Stage Transferred |
|
IVF |
Fertilization in lab |
Outside body |
Embryo into uterus |
|
ZIFT |
Zygote transfer |
Outside body |
Zygote into fallopian tube |
|
GIFT |
Gamete transfer |
Inside body |
Sperm + ova into fallopian tube |
35. Describe the role of NGOs in
promoting reproductive health.
Answer:
1.
Conduct
awareness campaigns.
2.
Organize
family planning and vaccination camps.
3.
Provide
counseling and medical help for infertility.
4.
Educate
rural women about safe motherhood.
5.
Distribute
contraceptives and sanitary materials.
Examples: FPAI, MTP clinics, Red Cross.
36. Explain the biological basis of
lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive.
Answer:
- After childbirth, prolactin
suppresses GnRH, preventing ovulation.
- No menstrual cycle during
breastfeeding = temporary infertility.
Effective only: Up to 6 months post-delivery and if mother exclusively breastfeeds.
37. Describe the steps and
importance of the Family Planning Programme in India.
Answer:
Steps:
1.
Free
distribution of contraceptives.
2.
Awareness
through media.
3.
Incentives
for sterilization.
4.
Integration
with health centers.
Importance:
Controls population, improves maternal health, and promotes family welfare.
38. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of using condoms?
Answer:
Advantages:
- Prevent STDs and pregnancy.
- Easily available, no side
effects.
- For both males and females.
Disadvantages: - Can tear or slip during
intercourse.
- May cause reduced sensation.
- Must be used correctly every
time.
39. Discuss the role of hormones in
regulating the female reproductive cycle.
Answer:
- FSH: Stimulates follicle growth.
- LH: Triggers ovulation.
- Estrogen: Develops endometrium,
secondary sexual traits.
- Progesterone: Maintains endometrium for
implantation.
Hormonal imbalance may lead to infertility or menstrual disorders.
40. Explain why female foeticide is
a social and biological problem.
Answer:
Social:
- Gender discrimination and
preference for sons.
- Skewed sex ratio leading to
societal imbalance.
Biological: - Unnatural selection and loss of
genetic diversity.
Solution:
Strict enforcement of PCPNDT Act, awareness, women empowerment.
41. Discuss the causes and
prevention of infertility in males.
Answer:
Causes:
1.
Low
sperm count.
2.
Hormonal
imbalance.
3.
Blocked
vas deferens.
4.
Infection
or stress.
Prevention/Treatment:
- Healthy lifestyle, avoid drugs
and smoking.
- ARTs like AI, IVF, ICSI.
42. Discuss the causes and
prevention of infertility in females.
Answer:
Causes:
- Blocked fallopian tubes.
- Hormonal imbalance (FSH/LH).
- Uterine fibroids.
- Stress or malnutrition.
Treatment: - Hormone therapy, surgery, ARTs
(IVF, ZIFT).
43. Explain the principle and
benefits of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs).
Answer:
Principle:
Artificially assist fertilization and implantation.
Examples: IVF, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI, AI.
Benefits:
1.
Helps
infertile couples conceive.
2.
Overcomes
blocked tubes or low sperm issues.
3.
Allows
genetic screening.
Limitation: Expensive, ethical issues.
44. Explain the PCPNDT Act and its
significance.
Answer:
Full form: Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994.
Purpose: Prevent misuse of prenatal diagnosis for sex determination.
Significance:
- Reduces female foeticide.
- Promotes gender equality.
- Makes sex determination before
birth punishable by law.
45. Discuss the importance of
awareness in controlling STDs.
Answer:
1.
Helps
early detection and treatment.
2.
Reduces
social stigma.
3.
Prevents
spread through safe practices.
4.
Promotes
responsible sexual behavior.
5.
Improves
public health outcomes.
Mediums: Media, schools, NGOs, government campaigns.
46. Explain the difference between
sterilization in males and females.
Answer:
|
Male (Vasectomy) |
Female (Tubectomy) |
|
Vas deferens cut and tied |
Fallopian tubes cut and tied |
|
Prevents sperm transport |
Prevents ovum transport |
|
Minor surgery |
Major surgery |
|
Simple and reversible |
Complex and less reversible |
47. Explain the need for
reproductive health education among adolescents.
Answer:
- Understand physical and
emotional changes.
- Prevent STDs, early
pregnancies, and abuse.
- Promote respect for the
opposite sex.
- Encourage informed decisions
and responsible behavior.
- Build self-esteem and
confidence.
48. What are the consequences of
untreated sexually transmitted diseases?
Answer:
1.
Infertility
due to blocked tubes.
2.
Pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID).
3.
Cancer
of reproductive organs.
4.
Damage
to nervous or cardiovascular system (syphilis).
5.
Mother-to-child
transmission (HIV).
Early treatment and prevention are essential.
49. How does awareness help in
population stabilization?
Answer:
1.
Informs
people about family planning.
2.
Encourages
delayed marriage and childbirth.
3.
Reduces
fertility rate.
4.
Promotes
use of contraceptives.
5.
Improves
health and literacy.
Education is the key to achieving population control goals.
50. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of ARTs?
Answer:
Advantages:
1.
Helps
infertile couples.
2.
Allows
genetic screening.
3.
Enables
surrogacy for childless couples.
Disadvantages:
4.
Expensive
and emotionally stressful.
5.
Low
success rate.
6.
Ethical
issues regarding donors and surrogacy.
7.
May
cause multiple pregnancies or side effects.
